Is a Picture Really Worth a Thousand Words? Exploring the Feasibility of Graphical Authentication Systems
Authors: Antonella De Angeli, Lynne Coventry, Graham Johnson, Karen Renaud

Date: July 2005
Publication: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 63, Issues 1-2
Page(s): 128 - 152
Publisher: Elsevier Science
Source 1: http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~karen/Papers/VIP_IJHCS_final.pdf
Source 2: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.04.020 - Subscription or payment required

Abstract or Summary:
The weakness of knowledge-based authentication systems, such as passwords and Personal Identification Numbers (PINs), is well known, and reflects an uneasy compromise between security and human memory constraints. Research has been undertaken for some years now into the feasibility of graphical authentication mechanisms in the hope that these will provide a more secure and memorable alternative. The graphical approach substitutes the exact recall of alphanumeric codes with the recognition of previously learnt pictures, a skill at which humans are remarkably proficient. So far, little attention has been devoted to usability, and initial research has failed to conclusively establish significant memory improvement. This paper reports two user studies comparing several implementations of the graphical approach with PINs. Results demonstrate that pictures can be a solution to some problems relating to traditional knowledge-based authentication but that they are not a simple panacea, since a poor design can eliminate the picture superiority effect in memory. The paper concludes by discussing the potential of the graphical approach and providing guidelines for developers contemplating using these mechanisms.



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